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Le. First Aid Basic Sciences General Principles. Microbiology. 3e. 2017.

CONTENTS
BACTERIOLOGY
Bacterial Structures
Cytoplasmic Structures
Bacterial Cell Walls
External Bacterial Structures
Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
Bacterial Growth and Death
Bacterial Metabolism
Bacterial Genetics
Bacterial Defenses—Pathogenic Factors
- Spore
- IgA Proteases
- Cellular Invasion
- Hemolysis
- Catalases
- Coagulases
- Toxins
Microbiologic Stains
Gram Stain
- Intracellular Microorganisms
Other Microbiologic Stains and Microscopic Techniques
Bacterial Culture
MacConkey Agar
Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar
Chocolate Agar
Thayer-Martin (VCN) Agar
Bordet-Gengou Medium
Tellurite Agars
Bile Esculin Agar
Gram-Positive Cocci
Streptococcus and Enterococcus
- Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A)
- Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield Group B Streptococcus)
- Viridans Streptococci
- Enterococcus and Other Group D Streptococci
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus
Gram-Positive Rods
Sporulating Gram-Positive Rods
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium difficile
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
Nonsporulating Gram-Positive Rods
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram-Positive Branching Organisms
Actinomyces israelii
Nocardia
Gram-Negative Cocci
Neisseria
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram-Negative Rods
Gram-Negative Rods Causing Respiratory and Mucosal Infections
Haemophilus influenza
Haemophilus ducreyi
Gardnerella vaginalis
Bordetella pertussis
Legionella pneumophila
Enteric Gram-Negative Rods
1 Enteric Gram-Negative Rods Enterobacteriaceae
Shigella Species
Salmonella Species
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Morganella, Serratia, Edwardsiella, and Providencia
2 Enteric Gram-Negative Rods Vibrionaceae
Vibrio cholerae
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
3 Enteric Gram-Negative Pseudomonaceae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4 Enteric Gram-Negative Bacteroidiaceae
Bacteroides fragilis
Zoonotic Gram-Negative Bacteria
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella
Pasteurella multocida
Bartonella henselae
Gram-Indeterminate Bacteria
Mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium leprae
- Atypical Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae
- Chlamydia Species
- Rickettsia Species and Related Organisms
Spirochetes
TREPONEMA
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
BORRELIA
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
Borrelia recurrentis (Relapsing Fever)
Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis, Icterohemorrhagic Fever)
MYCOLOGY
Fungi
General Characteristics
Morphology
Endemic Mycoses
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Cutaneous Mycoses
- Dermatophytes
- Malassezia furfur
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
- Candida albicans
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii)
- Microsporidia
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- Mucor and Rhizopus
Subcutaneous Mycoses
- Sporothrix schenckii
PARASITOLOGY
Protozoa
Intestinal Protozoa
- Giardia lamblia
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora
CNS Protozoa
- Toxoplasma gondii
Hematologic Protozoa
- Plasmodium Species
- Babesia
Visceral Protozoa
- Trypanosoma Species
- Leishmania Species
Sexually Transmitted Protozoa
- Trichomonas vaginalis
Other Notable Protozoa
- Naegleria fowleri
Helminths
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Intestinal Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Old World and New World Hookworm)
Cat or Dog Hookworm
Trichinella spiralis (Pork Roundworm)
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Tissue Nematodes
Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness)
Loa loa (Eye Worm)
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi (Elephantiasis)
Toxocara canis (Dog Ascaris)
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)
Echinococcus granulosus (Dog Tapeworm)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Schistosomes (Blood Flukes)
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Flukes)
Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)
VIROLOGY
Basic Structure
Virus Particles: Virions
Viral Classifcation
Viral Genome
Viral Ploidy
Capsid
Enveloped Versus Nonenveloped Viruses
Enveloped Viruses
Nonenveloped Viruses
DNA Versus RNA Viruses
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
Pathogenesis
General Considerations
Infection
Replication
Replication of DNA Viruses
Replication of RNA Viruses
Release of Newly Synthesized Viruses
Patterns of Infections
Subclinical Infections
Acute Infections
Viral Genetics
Genetic Reassortment (Genetic Shift)
Genetic (Antigenic) Drift
Complementation
Phenotypic Mixing
Phenotypic Masking (Transcapsidation)
Viral Vectors
Vaccines
Live Virus Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines
Recombinant Vaccines
Diagnostic Tests
DNA Viruses
Herpesvirus Family
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1)
- Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV, Chickenpox, Zoster, Shingles)
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Infectious Mononucleosis)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7, Roseola)
- Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, KSHV or Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus)
Hepadnaviruses
- Hepatitis B Virus, HBV
Adenoviruses
Parvoviruses
- Parvovirus B19
Papillomaviruses
- Human Papillomavirus
Polyomaviruses
- BK and JC viruses
Poxvirus Family
- Smallpox (Variola)
- Molluscum Contagiosum
Positive (Single)-Stranded RNA Viruses—SS (+) RNA
Hepevirus
- Hepatitis E (Enteric Hepatitis)
Picornavirus Family
- Polioviruses
- Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Coxsackieviruses
Flaviviruses
- Hepatitis C (HCV, Infectious Hepatitis)
Togaviruses
- Rubella (German Measles)
Retroviruses
- Human Immunodeficien y Virus (HIV)
Negative (Single)-Stranded RNA Viruses—SS (–) RNA
Paramyxoviridae
Parainfluenza
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Measles (Rubeola)
Mumps
Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza A, B, and C Viruses)
Rhabdoviridae (Rabies)
Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
Rotavirus
Prion Diseases
MICROBIOLOGY: SYSTEMS
Normal Flora
Beneficial Effects
Role in Infection
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
Upper Respiratory Infections
Lower Respiratory Infections
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
Infective Endocarditis
Classification of Endocarditis
Special Populations
Microbial Diseases of the Bloodstream
Bacteremia
Sepsis
Microbial Diseases of the GI Tract
Food-Poisoning Syndromes
Parasitic Causes of Diarrhea
Viral Causes of Diarrhea
Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Urinary Tract Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Vaginal Infections
Infections During Pregnancy
Microbial Diseases of the Bones, Joints, and Skin
Osteomyelitis
Infectious Arthritis
Cellulitis
Erythema Chronicum Migrans; Lyme Disease
Microbial Diseases of the Eye and Ear
Conjunctivitis
Otitis
Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
Meningitis
Brain Abscess
Encephalitis
Nosocomial Infections
ANTIMICROBIALS
Antibacterial Drugs
Cell Wall Inhibitors
Penicillin G, V
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Aminopenicillins)
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin (Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins)
Piperacillin, Ticarcillin (Antipseudomonal Penicillins)
Cephalosporins (Generations I–IV)
Carbapenems (Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem)
Monobactams (Aztreonam)
Vancomycin
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin)
Tetracyclines (Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Demeclocycline)
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Macrolides (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin)
Streptogramins (Dalfopristin, Quinupristin)
Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Trimethoprim
Sulfonamides (Sulfamethoxazole [SMX], Sulfadiazine)
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro-, Nor-, Levo-, O-, Moxifloxacin)
Cell Membrane Disruptors
Daptomycin
Polymyxins
DNA Damage Inducers via Free Radicals
Metronidazole
Antimycobacterial Drugs
Rifamycins (Rifampin, Rifabutin)
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
Antifungal Therapies
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Flucytosine
Azoles (Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole,
Voriconazole)
Terbinafine
Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin)
Griseofulvin
Antiparasitics
Albendazole
Praziquantel
Mebendazole/Pyrantel Pamoate
Thiabendazole
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazepine
Chloroquine
Quinine
Mefloquine
Atovaquone/Proguanil
Artemether
Nifurtimox
Suramin/Melarsoprol
Sodium Stibogluconate
Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine
Anti-Mite/Louse Therapy
Antiviral Therapy
Anti-Influenza
AMANTADINE , RIMANTADINE
Anti–Herpes Virus Medications
ACYCLOVIR , FAMCICLOVIR , VALACYCLOVIR
GANCICLOVIR
FOSCARNET
CIDOFOVIR
HIV Therapy
PROTEASE INHIBITORS
(END IN -NAVIR):
INDINAVIR, LOPINAVIR,
RITONAVIR, SAQUINAVIR
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
(ABACAVIR, DIDANOSINE,
EMTRICITABINE,LAMIVUDINE,
STAVUDINE, TENOFOVIR,
ZIDOVUDINE)
NON–NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
(NEVIRAPINE, EFAVIRENZ,
DELAVIRDINE)
INTEGRASE INHIBITOR
(RALTEGRAVIR)
FUSION INHIBITORS
(ENFUVIRTIDE, MARAVIROC)
Hepatitis C Therapy
Other Antiviral Drugs