STUDY METHODS
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES Case Study or Case Series Cross-Sectional Study Case-Control Study Cohort Study Studies of Heritability and Environment Twin concordance study Adoption study Ecological study
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Clinical Trial Crossover clinical trial Intention-to-treat analysis As-treated analysis Per-protocol analysis
Crossover Study Meta-Analysis
Off-label drug use
Bradford Hill criteria Strength
Consistency
Specificity
Temporality
Biological gradient
Plausibility
Coherence
Experiment
Analogy
Types of Bias
Confounding Bias Sampling Bias
Recall Bias
Selection Bias
Late-Look Bias Reducing Bias Blinding Randomization
Prevalence, Incidence, and Duration
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value
Evaluation of diagnostic tests Sensitivity (true-positive rate) Specificity (true-negative rate) Positive predictive value Negative predictive value
Receiver operating characteristic curve
Likelihood ratio
Kaplan-Meier curve
Quantifying risk
Odds Ratio and Relative Risk Absolute Risk Absolute risk reduction Attributable Risk Relative Risk Relative risk reduction Odds Ratio Number needed to treat Number needed to harm Case fatality rate Mortality rate Attack rate
Precision, Accuracy, & Error
Precision vs accuracy Precision (reliability)
Accuracy (validity)
Incidence vs prevalence
Demographic transition
STATISTICS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY &
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION
Measures of central tendency
Measures of dispersion
Normal distribution
Nonnormal distributions Bimodal distribution
Positive skew
Negative skew
Statistical hypothesis testing Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis P value
Outcomes of statistical hypothesis testing Correct result
Testing errors
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
Type I Error (α)
Type II Error (β)
Power
Statistical vs clinical significance
STANDARD DEVIATION VERSUS ERROR
Confidence Intervals
Meta-analysis
Common statistical tests
T-TEST, ANOVA, AND CHI-SQUARE (Χ2) TEST
t-Test
ANOVA
Chi-Square (χ2) Test
Fisher’s exact test
PUBLIC HEALTH HEALTHCARE DELIVERY Disease prevention Major medical insurance plans Healthcare payment models Medicare and Medicaid Hospice care Common causes of death (US) by age Conditions with frequent hospital readmissions
FORMS OF DISEASE PREVENTION
Primary Disease Prevention
Secondary Disease Prevention
Tertiary Disease Prevention
REPORTING & MONITORING DISEASE
Reportable Diseases
Medical Surveillance
GOVERNMENT FINANCING OF MEDICAL INSURANCE
Medicare and Medicaid Medicare Part A Medicare Part B Medicare Part D
Medicare Part C Medicaid
PATIENT SAFETY & QUALITY IMPROVEMENT QUALITY & SAFETY Safety culture Human factors design PDSA cycle Quality measurements Swiss cheese model Types of medical errors Burnout vs fatigue Medical error analysis
PATIENT SAFETY
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES
Types of Written Advance Directives
Oral Versus Written Advance Directives
Medical power of attorney
Do not resuscitate order
Ventilator-assisted life support
Surrogate decision-maker
Accepting gifts from patients
CONFIDENTIALITY
COMMUNICATION SKILLS Patient-centered interviewing techniques Establishing rapport PEARLS Delivering bad news SPIKES Gender- and sexuality-inclusive history taking Culturally inclusive history taking Motivational interviewing Trauma-informed care Communicating with patients with disabilities Use of interpreters Challenging patient and ethical scenarios
MALPRACTICE