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Respiratory - Pneumologie - Pneumologia

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(Le FA BS 2017 Contents) V1 PDF
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EMBRYOLOGY HISTOLOGY ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGYPATHOLOGY HISTORY, EXAMINATION & INVESTIGATION PHARMACOLOGY

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CONTENTS

GENERALITIES
(Medimaps) V1 PDF
(Minimum Vital 2002) V1 PDF
(Le FA 1) V1 PDF


EMBRYOLOGY

RESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT & BIRTH
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Lungs
Embryonic (weeks 4–7)
Pseudoglandular Period (Weeks 5–16 17)
Canalicular Period (Weeks 16–26 25 )
Saccular Period (Week 26 24–Birth)
Alveolar Period (Prenatal–Childhood)
(week 36–8 years)
Pleural Cavities
Diaphragm

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - COMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONGENITAL DISEASE
Choanal atresia
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Laryngeal Atresia
Laryngeal Atresia
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Lung malformations
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Congenital Cysts
Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

ANATOMY

AIRWAYS & DEAD SPACE
LUNGS
Blood Supply of the Lungs
Pleura
DIAPHRAGM
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
THE THORACIC CAGE & MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
FLAIL CHEST

Respiratory tree
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone

HISTOLOGY

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
Club cells
ALVEOLI Alveolar cell types
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages
OLFACTORY CELLS

PHYSIOLOGY

LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - PRESSURES AND VOLUMES DURING NORMAL BREATHING
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity
Work of breathing
Measurement of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Dilution tests
Body plethysmography
Anatomic Dead Space
Physiologic Dead Space (Total Dead Space) - Determination of physiologic dead space

GAS LAWS

DIFFUSION

VENTILATION
Alveolar Function
Gas Exchange
Surface Tension
Surfactant
Other Lung Products
Ventilation Rate
Minute Ventilation
Alveolar Ventilation
Inspiration
Expiration
Lung Compliance
Compliance of the Lung–Chest Wall System
Lung and chest wall
Elastic recoil
Compliance
Hysteresis

Mechanics of Breathing During the Respiratory Cycle
LUNG MECHANICS: ELASTIC FORCES
LUNG MECHANICS: AIRWAY RESISTANCE
Forces Defined
At Rest
During Inspiration
At Maximum Inspiration
During Expiration

At Maximum Expiration
Mechanical Ventilation
Airways
Flow
Resistance
Factors That Influence Pulmonary Resistance

BLOOD GASES
Oxygen Transport CARRIAGE OF
Hemoglobin
Oxygen content of blood
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
Methemoglobin
Cyanide vs carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon Dioxide Transport CARRIAGE OF
ACID–BASE BALANCE
Respiratory Acid-Base Disturbances DISORDERS
Pulmonary Circulation - AND ANATOMICAL RIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNTS
Characteristics
Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
Regulation of Pulmonary Blood Flow
Pulmonary vascular resistance
VENTILATION–PERFUSION MISMATCHING
Alveolar gas equation
EXERCISE, ALTITUDE AND DIVING Response to high altitude Response to exercise
Hypoxemia
Etiology
Hypercapnia
Control of Respiration - CONTROL OF BREATHING
CHEMICAL MECHANISMS
NEURAL MECHANISMS
Central Control of Respiration
Chemoreceptors
Other Receptors

LUNG DEFENCE MECHANISMS

IMMUNOLOGY OF THE LUNG

PATHOLOGY

PATHOLOGY ON PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- BASES SÉMIOLOGIQUES
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
L’interrogatoire pneumologique
Les signes fonctionnels respiratoires
Les signes de gravité
La radiographie du thorax
L’évaluation de la fonction respiratoire
Détresse respiratoire aiguë : stratégie globale

HISTORY, EXAMINATION AND INVESTIGATION
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
CHEST IMAGING AND BRONCHOSCOPY

PUBLIC HEALTH AND SMOKING

RESPIRATORY FAILURE - DÉTRESSES RESPIRATOIRES - INSUFFICIENZA RESPIRATORIA
Œdème aigu pulmonaire cardiogénique
Syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigu (SDRA) - ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Insuffisance respiratoire aiguë des insuffisances respiratoires chroniques obstructives
Hypoventilation
Obstruction aiguë de la filière laryngo-trachéale et des grosses bronches

NASOPHARYNX
Rhinosinusitis
Epistaxis

Head and neck cancer

Flow-volume loops
Obstructive lung disease
Restrictive lung disease


OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES -  VOIES AÉRIENNES
COPD
Emphysema COPD - BPCO ASTHME
Chronic Bronchitis COPD
Asthma PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - ASTHME
Bronchiectasis

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
Radiation-induced lung injury
Extrapulmonary Restrictive Disease (Poor Breathing Mechanics)
Poor Muscular Effort
Poor Structural Apparatus
Interstitial Lung Diseases - DIFFUSE PARENCHYMAL (INTERSTITIAL) LUNG DISEASES
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Neonatal (Infant) Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pneumoconiosis
Sarcoidosis & CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis)
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Pneumoconioses
Asbestos-related disease
Berylliosis
Coal workers’pneumoconiosis
Silicosis

PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN VASCULITIS

PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASES
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Pulmonary Emboli sm - Embolie pulmonaire
Fat emboli
Air emboli
Amniotic fluid emboli

Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Left heart disease

Lung diseases or hypoxia
Chronic thromboembolic
Multifactorial
Sleep Apnea - Syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Physical findings in select lung diseases
Pleural effusion
Atelectasis
Simple pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema)

Digital clubbing

Atelectasis

RESPIRATORY TRACT CANCERS

LUNG CANCER - Cancer bronchique primitif
Small cell
Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
Non–small cell
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Large Cell Carcinoma
Bronchial Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors


Pancoast tumor
Superior vena cava syndrome

Pathologie médiastinale
Mesothelioma
Malignancies of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Benign Laryngeal Tumors
Laryngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma


Mediastinal pathology
Mediastinal masses
Mediastinitis
Pneumomediastinum

PULMONARY INFECTIONS
COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED (NOSOCOMIAL) PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia - Cas général
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia Aspiration (chemical) pneumonitis
Natural history of lobar pneumonia
Congestion
Red hepatization
Gray hepatization
Resolution

Lung abscess
Tuberculosis -
Tuberculose
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Infection respiratoire chez le patient séropositif pour le VIH - THE IMMUNE-COMPROMISED PATIENT

PLEURAL DISEASES
Mesothelioma

PLEURAL EFFUSION - PLEURÉSIE

Transudate
Exudate
Lymphatic

PNEUMOTHORAX
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Traumatic Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax

OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL-RELATED LUNG DISEASE

ALLERGY

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS

Inhalation injury and sequelae

APPAREIL RESPIRATOIRE ET SYSTÈME NERVEUX
Retentissement respiratoire des affections neuromusculaires
Syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil

PATHOLOGIE RESPIRATOIRE PROFESSIONNELLE ET TOXIQUE
Silicose et asbestose
Alvéolite allergique extrinsèque
Toxicité pulmonaire des médicaments

PATHOLOGIE RESPIRATOIRE ET CONTRE-INDICATIONS MÉDICAMENTEUSES
Bêta-bloquants et asthme (attention aux collyres)
Bêta-bloquants et BPCO
Sédatifs et insuffisance respiratoire
Antitussifs et insuffisance respiratoire.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

OXYGENATION AND OXYGEN THERAPY

PHARMACOLOGY

H1-BLOCKERS
First generation
Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine, doxylamine - Names usually contain “-en/-ine” or “-en/-ate.”
Second generation
Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetirizine - Names usually end in “-adine.” Setirizine (cetirizine) is second-generation agent

MUCOACTIVE AGENTS
Expectorants
Mucolytics

DEXTROMETHORPHAN

α-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION DRUGS
Endothelin receptor antagonists
PDE-5 inhibitors
Prostacyclin analogs

ASTHMA DRUGS

Inhaled β2-agonists
Inhaled glucocorticoids
Muscarinic antagonists
Antileukotrienes
Anti-IgE monoclonal therapy
Methylxanthines
PDE-4 Inhibitors
Chromones

Anti-IL-5 monoclonal therapy

REFERENCES
Le.
First Aid USMLE Step 1. Respiratory. 32e. 2022.
30e. 2020.
Le. First Aid Basic Sciences : Organ Systems. Respiratory. 3e. 2017.
Tellingen. Respiratory System Disorders and Therapy From a New, Dynamic Viewpoint. 1e. 2009.
Bolk's Companions ]
Ward. Respiratory system at a glance. 5e. 2022.
https://www.amazon.com/Respiratory-System-at-Glance-dp-1119700191/dp/1119700191/ref=dp_ob_title_bk
https://www.wiley.com/en-sg/The+Respiratory+System+at+a+Glance,+4th+Edition-p-9781118761076
https://www.ataglanceseries.com/respiratory/
Medimaps.co.uk/respiratory
Medimaps.co.uk/respiratory-for-med-students
Medimaps.co.uk/respiratory-for-real-docs
Minimum Vital 2002.

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