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Immunology - Immunologie - Immunologia

SIMPLE CONTENTS

NEWS & UPDATES
MAPS
OVERVIEW
PRINCIPLES
PATHOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
LABORATORY
REFERENCES

TOC
DETAILED CONTENTS

NEWS & UPDATES
(Gartner BRS 2018 Histology Lymphoid & Le FA 2021 Immunology Principles) V2 PDF
(Moi Pathology, Vaccines & Pharmacology) V1 PDF
MAPS
OVERVIEW

PRINCIPLES
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY
CELLS & MOLECULES
ANERGY & TOLERANCE

PATHOLOGY
HYPERSENSITIVITY
DEFICIENCY
AUTOIMMUNE

PHARMACOLOGY

LABORATORY

REFERENCES

TOC
MAPS

TOC
OVERVIEW
(Playfair Glance 2012 Contents) V1 PDF
(Doan LIR 2013 Contents) V1 PDF
(Moi Phenomenology & Overview) V1 PDF
(Moi Pathology) V1 PDF

TOC
PRINCIPLES
(Gartner BRS 2018 Histology Lymphoid & Le FA 2021 Immunology Principles) V2 PDF

CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY

	INNATE	ADAPTIVE
COMPONENTS	Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells (lymphoid origin), complement, physical epithelial barriers, secreted enzymes	T cells, B cells, circulating antibodies
MECHANISM	Germline encoded	Variation through V(D)J recombination during lymphocyte development
RESPONSE TO PATHOGENS	Nonspecific Occurs rapidly (minutes to hours) No memory response	Highly specific, refined over time Develops over long periods; memory response is faster and more robust
SECRETED PROTEINS	Lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein (CRP), defensins, cytokines	Immunoglobulins, cytokines
KEY FEATURES IN PATHOGEN RECOGNITION	Toll-like receptors (TLRs): pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and lead to activation of NF-κB Examples of PAMPs: LPS (gram ⊝ bacteria), flagellin (bacteria), nucleic acids (viruses)	Memory cells: activated B and T cells; subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen > stronger, quicker immune response

	PASSIVE	ACTIVE
MEANS OF ACQUISITION	Receiving preformed antibodies	Exposure to exogenous antigens
ONSET	Rapid	Slow
DURATION	Short span of antibodies (half-life = 3 weeks)	Long-lasting protection (memory)
EXAMPLES	IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody	Natural infection, vaccines, toxoid
NOTES	After exposure to tetanus toxin, HBV, varicella, rabies virus, botulinum toxin, or diphtheria toxin, unvaccinated patients are given preformed antibodies (passive)—“to Heal very rapidly before dying”	Combined passive and active immunizations can be given for hepatitis B or rabies exposure

INNATE
Non Speficic
Pattern Recognition by Cells
Toll-like Receptors
Cytosolic Receptors
Inflammasomes
Surface barriers
Cell Components : Leukocytes (Myeloid)
Mast Cells
Phagocytes
- Macrophages < Monocytes
- Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
- Dendritic Cells
Basophils & Eosinophils (Granulocytes)
Innate lymphoid cells ILC (Lymphoid)
- NK
Gamma delta T cells
Inflammation
Complement system

ADAPTIVE (Jawed vertebrates) Memory
Pathogen & Antigen Specific
Recognition of Antigen
Components : Antigens, Lymphocytes B & T
Antigen presentation to T
Cell mediated
Killer T cells
Helper T cells
Gamma delta T cells
Humoral
Antibodies
Polyclonal B cell response

PASSIVE
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity

Immune privilege

ANATOMY - LYMPHOID STRUCTURES
Diffuse Lymphocytes
-> Follicle
-> Patch
-> Organ

PRIMARY ORGANS
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Thymoma

SECONDARY ORGANS
Allow immune cells to interact with antigen
Spleen
Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath
Follicle
Marginal zone
Lymph Nodes
Follicle
Medulla
Paracortex
Tonsils
MALT
Lymphatic System
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue GALT MALT BALT

CNS EQUIVALENT
Glymphatic system

TERTIARY
TLOs

FONCTION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Removal of interstitial fluid
Absorbs & Transports FAs & Fats as Chyle
Immune Fonction (Adaptive)
Transports WBCs to & from the LNs into the bones
Lymph transports APCs such as DCs, to the LNs

VESSELS

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE ASSOCIATIONS

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION
Hormones
Vitamin D
Sleep and rest
Nutrition and diet
Repair and regeneration

TOC
CELLS & MOLECULES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

INNATE

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS APCs
Ex II Ag - T
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
B cells

NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Virus Tumor
Detect down-regulation of MHC I, Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Functions of natural killer cells

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
ACTIVATION PATHWAYS
Classic pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Proteins
Early Stage
Middle
Late
Inhibitors
FUNCTIONS
Opsonins
Inhibitors
COMPLEMENT DISORDERS
Complement protein deficiencies
Early complement deficiencies (C1–C4)
Terminal complement deficiencies (C5–C9)
Complement regulatory protein deficiencies
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

ADAPTIVE
Cell-mediated immunity CMI
Humoral immunity HI

T CELLS
TH1
TH2
TH17
TC Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells
IPEX (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome
Differentiation of T cells
Positive selection
Negative selection
Macrophage- lymphocyte interaction

B CELLS

Major functions of B and T cells

T- and B-cell activation

ANTIBODIES - IMMUNE RESPONSES
Opsonization
Neutralization
Complement activation
ADCC
Antibody structure and function

ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
Somatic recombination of VJ or VDJ genes
Genetic recombination
Random combinations of heavy and light chains
Somatic hypermutation
Immunoglobulin isotypes
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

Antigen type and memory
Thymus-independent antigens
Thymus-dependent antigens

CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS - PROTEINS
T-Cell Receptors
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells
B-Cell Receptors
Major Histocompatibility Complexe I & II MHC encoded by HLA genes. Present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs)
HLA subtypes associated with diseases
Clusters of Differentiation
T Cells
B Cells
NK cells
Macrophages
Hematopoietic stem cells

CYTOKINES Acute (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), then recruit (IL-8, IL-12)
Interleukins
Interferons
IFN-α and IFN-β
IFN-γ
Tumor Necrosis Factors
SECRETED BY MACROPHAGES
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-6
Tumor necrosis factor-α
Interleukin-8
Interleukin-12
SECRETED BY T CELLS
Interleukin-2
Interleukin-3
FROM TH1 CELLS
Interferon-γ
FROM TH2 CELLS
Interleukin-4
Interleukin-5
Interleukin-10
Interleukin-13

Respiratory burst

IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS
T-Cell Activation
Isotype Switching

TOC
ANERGY & TOLERANCE
Anergy
State during which a cell cannot become activated by exposure to its antigen.
T and B cells become anergic when exposed to their antigen without costimulatory signal (signal 2)
Another mechanism of self-tolerance
T CELLS
Clonal Selection
Peripheral Tolerance
Clonal deletion
Anergy
Active suppression
Ignorance
B CELLS
Clonal Deletion
Anergy
Clonal Ignorance

IMMUNIZATIONS & VACCINES
Killed vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Conjugate vaccines

TOC
PATHOLOGY
(Moi Pathology, Vaccines & Pharmacology) V1 PDF

TOC
HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPES
(Moi Hypersensitivity) V1 PDF
Four types (ABCD) :
Anaphylactic and Atopic (type I)
AntiBody-mediated (type II)
Immune Complex (type III)
Delayed (cell-mediated, type IV)
Types I, II, and III are all antibody-mediated.

I : IgE-MEDIATED - Foreign Allergen - "1st and fast" - Skin test for specific Ig
PATHOGENESIS
DISORDERS
Allergic & Atopic disorders
Urticaria or Hives
Allergic Rhinitis & Asthma
Hay fever
Eczema
Anaphylaxis (eg, bee sting, some food/drug allergies)

II: Ab (M & G) - MEDIATED (CYTOTOXIC) - "Cy-2-toxic" - Direct & indirect Coombs tests - Foreign & Autoimmune
Occurs when Abs are directed to fixed Ags on cell surfaces
PATHOGENESIS
Circulating Ab binds to an Ag on the pathogen
Complement is activated.
Outcomes include :
Opsonization, followed by phagocytosis
ADCC Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
Cell death mediated by NK or T cells
Immune response-mediated damage to healthy tissue
DISORDERS
Incompatible blood transfusions - Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Goodpasture syndrome
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Bullous pemphigoid
Graves disease
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pernicious anemia
Rheumatic fever

III: IMMUNE COMPLEX-MEDIATED - " 3 things in an IC: Ag, Ab & C " - Immunofluorescent staining - Foreign & Autoimmune
Soluble Ag-Ab complexes form when antigen is abundant
Complex deposition in tissues causes
PATHOGENESIS
DISORDERS
SLE
Serum sickness
Arthus reaction
Polyarteritis nodosa
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

IV: CELL-MEDIATED (DELAYED) DTH - 4th & last 4 Ts = T lymphocytes, Transplant rejections, TB tests, Touching (contact dermatitis) - Patch test, PPD - Foreign, Autoimmune & GVHD
T cells are primed as effector cells specific to intracellular antigens or aberrant cells (foreign or mutated)
PATHOGENESIS
DISORDERS
Tuberculin skin test PPD
Contact dermatitis (eg, poison ivy, nickel allergy)
Graft-versus-host disease
Multiple sclerosis

UNKNOWN/MULTIPLE TYPES
Foreign & Autoimmune

IMMUNOLOGIC BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
Allergic/anaphylactic reaction
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

TOC
DEFICIENCY
(Moi Deficiency) V1 PDF

B-CELL
X-Linked (Bruton) Agammaglobulinemia
Dysgammaglobulinemia (Selective Immunoglobulin IgA Defciency)
Common Variable Immunodefciency

T-CELL DEFCIENCIES  
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
IL-12 Receptor Defciency
Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome (Job Syndrome)
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Acquired Immunodefciency Syndrome

COMBINED   
Severe Combined Immunodefciency
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia

PHAGOCYTE
Leukocyte Adhesion Defciency
Syndrome (Type 1)
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome

INFECTIONS IN IMMUNODEFICIENCY

TOC
AUTOIMMUNE
(Moi Autoimmune) V1 PDF

AUTOANTIBODIES & ASSOCIATIONS

HLA ASSOCIATIONS
HLA Genes
HLA Polymorphism and Disease Risk

GENERAL AUTOIMMUNE
SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE
Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
OTHER AUTOIMMUNE

AUTOANTIBODY TARGETS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
CREST syndrome
Mixed connective tissue disease
Sjögren syndrome
Reactive arthritis
Sarcoidosis
VASCULAR
Vasculitis (multiple)
ENDOCRINE
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
GASTROINTESTINAL
Celiac disease (nontropical sprue)
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
BLOOD
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Rheumatoid arthritis
SKIN
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus foliaceus
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Bullous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis
NERVOUS
Myasthenia gravis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune inner ear disease
RENAL
Goodpasture syndrome

TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Hyperacute
Acute
Chronic
Graft-versus-host disease

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

TOC
PHARMACOLOGY
(Moi Pharmacology) V1 PDF

MODULATORS
Interleukins  
Cytokines  
Chemokines  
Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs)
Other

ACTIVATION
Cancer

ENHANCEMENT
Vaccination

VACCINATION
(Moi Vaccines) V1 PDF
Live attenuated vaccine
Killed or inactivated vaccine
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate
Toxoid
mRNA

SUPPRESSANTS

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus (FK506)
Sirolimus (Rapamycin)
Basiliximab
Azathioprine
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Glucocorticoids

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TARGETS

RECOMBINANT CYTOKINES AND CLINICAL USES
Bone marrow stimulation
Erythropoietin
Colony stimulating factors
Thrombopoietin
Immunotherapy
Interleukin-2
Interferons

THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES
Autoimmune disease therapy
Adalimumab, infliximab
Eculizumab
Guselkumab
Ixekizumab, secukinumab
Natalizumab
Ustekinumab
Vedolizumab
Other applications
Denosumab
Emicizumab
Omalizumab
Palivizumab

TOC
LABORATORY

TOC
REFERENCES

DIDACTIC

Bie. Immunology Self and Non-self from a Phenomenological Point of View. 2006. [ Bolk's Companions ] [ Info & Download ]
Playfair. Immunology at a Glance. 10e. 2012. [ Download ] [ Download ]
Le. First Aid USMLE Step 1. Immunology. 33e. 2023. 30e. 2020.
Le. First Aid Basic Sciences General Principles. Immunology. 3e. 2017.
Abbas. Basic Immunology : Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. 7e. 2023. [ 336 pages ] [ Download 5e 2016 ]
Abbas. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 10e. 2021. [ 600 pages ] [ Download ]
Sompayrac. How the Immune System Works. 6e. 2019. 4e. 2012. [ 168 pages ] [ Companion ]
Doan. LIR Immunology. 3e. 2021. 2e. 2013. [ 408 pages ] [ Download 2e ]
Wood. Understanding immunology. 3e. 2012.
Roitt. Essential immunology. 13e. 2017. 12e. 2011. [ 576 pages ] [ Download ] [ Roitt.com]
https://www.roitt.com/powerpoints.asp
Punt. Kuby Immunology. 8e. 2018. [ 944 pages ] [ Download ]
Burmester. Color Atlas of immunology. 2003.
Murphy. Janeway's Immunobiology. 9e. 2016. [ 924 pages ]
medcravers.com/2019/10/immunology-an-introductory-textbook-by-anil-k-sharma
Actor. Introductory Immunology. 2e. 2019. [ 196 pages ] [ Download ]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology
archive.org/search.php?query=immunology
bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com
http://medimaps.co.uk/immunology/

Hawley. BRS Microbiology & Immunology. 6e. 2013. Immunology. [ V1 PDF - PDF - Backup ]
Gartner. BRS Cell Biology & Histology. 7e. 2014. Lymphoid Tissue. [ V1 PDF - PDF - Backup ]
Kierszenbaum. Histology and Cell Biology. Immune - Lymphatic System. [ V1 PDF - Backup ]
Dudek. HY Histology. Thymus. [ V1 PDF - Backup ]
Dudek. HY Histology. Lymph Node. [ V1 PDF - Backup ]
Dudek. HY Histology. Spleen. [ V1 PDF - Backup ]
Baillet. Précis de Physiologie Humaine. 1992. HOMÉOSTASIE IMMUNITAIRE. [ V1 PDF - Backup ]
Gerhard. Biochemical Pathways : An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2e. Immunology. 2012. [ V1 PDF ]
Schneider. BRS Pathology. 5e. 2013. Immune. [ V1 PDF ]
Kumar. Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9e. 2014. Immune. Summary. [ V2 PDF ]

TOPICS

MORE REFERENCES

MYELOID CELLS Granulocytes Monocytes Macrophages Dendritic

LYMPHOID CELLS B T ILC

OTHERS Stromal Epithelial Pericytes M

HEMATOPOIESIS Lymphopoiesis Myelopoiesis

ANTIGEN RECEPTORS B T

PRRs Membrane bound Cytoplasmic Secreted

COMPLEMENT Rs

Fc Rs

CYTOKINE Rs

NK Rs

OTHERS Rs

ANTIBODIES A D E G M

CYTOKINES Chemokines Interferons Interleukins TNFs CSFs

MHCs I II

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS Early Stage Middle Late Inhibitors

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

TF

SIGNALING PATHWAYS

CAMs

OTHERS

IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATION

CANCER TUMOR

AMYLOIDOSIS

PREDICTING IMMUNOGENICITY

MUSCULOSKELETAL

CONNECTIVE & VASCULITIS

SKIN

REPRODUCTION

NEWS & UPDATES
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